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How are APAC countries approaching national OA policies: what are they, how are they being promoted and implemented Recording
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How are APAC countries approaching national OA policies: what are they, how are they being promoted and implemented Recording
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YASUSHI OGASAKA: Hello and welcome to the NISO Plus 2023 session titled "How are APAC countries approaching national open access policies?"
YASUSHI OGASAKA: My name is Yasushi Ogasaka and I'm from Japan Agency for Medical Research and and Development or AMED and I am serving as a moderator of the session. This session focuses on policy on open access to scholarly articles in countries in the Asia-Pacific region. With the implementation of Plan S in many countries, the landscape surrounding open access to scholarly publication has entered a new phase.
YASUSHI OGASAKA: Furthermore, the issuance of the United States OSTP memorandum on public access to federally funded research in August 2022 is expected to further promote open access in the United States as well. For countries in the Asia-Pacific region, it is therefore important to consider what kind of national policy to adopt under these circumstances. In this session we invite speakers from publishing company and government agencies and discuss about open access policy landscape in this region.
YASUSHI OGASAKA: First speaker is Mr. Katsuhisa Arai of Wiley Publishing Japan. He is going to give us some insights from publisher's perspective. The second speaker is Ms. Hanna Shmagun from Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, and she will be presenting the policy landscape of open science in Korea. The third and final speaker is Ms. Ritsuko Nakajima from Japan Science and Technology Agency, and she will be presenting about the development of open science policy in JST, which is one of the leading funding agencies in Japan.
YASUSHI OGASAKA: So without further ado, we will start presentations. Hello, everyone.
KATSUHISA ARAI: My name is Katsuhisa Arai. I'm the senior director of library sales at Wiley. I'm based in Tokyo, Japan. I'm very much delighted to have the opportunity to make a presentation on how the evolving landscape of open access is transitioning, especially in APAC. Just to give you more insights, I included the global movements as well.
KATSUHISA ARAI: First of all, I'd like to talk to you about different types of open access articles. I'm pretty sure that you have heard about gold open access and green open access. So this chart shows you the differences. The gold OA is the definition that is accessible immediately. Whereas as a commercial publisher, we try to accelerate this gold OA which is free of re-use, although the copyright is retained to the author, whereas the green author is a self archived version.
KATSUHISA ARAI: It's the final version after submission to a respective publisher and it's mainly and commonly archived in a repository or. Or personal websites or databases. Gold OA is publicly free to access, whereas the green is also similar. But a fee occurs to gold OA, which is called the article publication charge, or sometimes it's called Article processing charge, whereas the green OA does not accompany any of the payment to the author.
KATSUHISA ARAI: The license and rights, the Creative Commons license is attached to the gold OA. Whereas the green OA does not. The right of use is attached to the author and the options is that it's published in an open access journal under the name of Wiley or Springer Nature or Elsevier and many of the other publishing houses. The green OA, however, is mainly, as I said, is archived in repositories, and in order to retain the version of record, we attach the link to the published version.
KATSUHISA ARAI: Sorry before going into this slide, I just wanted to introduce myself. I currently work for Wiley for two years and five months before that I assumed a role in our competitors such as Springer Nature and Elsevier. And also I've been working in language edit companies, so I'm pretty much around in the industry about 15, 20 years. So yeah, I should have mentioned that in the beginning, but just for, you know.
KATSUHISA ARAI: The OA advantage. We did an analysis of how the open access articles will benefit the authors from 2015 to 2020, which was a five year analysis that was run within the Wiley journals. We compared the subscription journals and the open access journals, and we've witnessed that the download has increased for more than three times and the citations were more roughly about 1.5 to 2 times more than a subscription article.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And the altmetric score has increased by 2.7 times. For you to know the altmetric scores is a score that how frequent it's mentioned in social media, on Twitter or whatever in social media. And it's now very much focused as a different criteria to measure the article impact.
KATSUHISA ARAI: Next, I would like to talk to you, talk to you about the history of open access and what is happening in our region, Asia-Pacific. So open access is quite the history is about 20 years in time. In the early 2000 it was there was a declaration in Budapest and Berlin and it started from there.
KATSUHISA ARAI: Right now there are more than 1,000 policies all around the world. And it's still increasing. Open access is a very common word and it's picked from various media. So I think that a lot of you, not only people in the industry, understand the term of open access nowadays. I think the 20 years can be divided into two three main periods of time.
KATSUHISA ARAI: In the early 2000s, as I mentioned, there was the Berlin and Budapest declaration and people were quite skeptical about open access. Is the quality OK or. And the publishers were also not very much thinking this as a business model. And it was the authors were obliged to pay article processing charges, whereas the subscription journal was already the mainstream of scholarly communications.
KATSUHISA ARAI: But Springer Nature. Well, in that period, it was only Springer. They acquired a born-OA journal company called Biomed Central BMC. And it was now it has now become one of their major brands. But it was it happened back in 2007. In 2008. From 2009. One of the milestones that in 2016, the consortium in the Netherlands did a very hard negotiation with the publishing houses such as Elsevier, Wiley and Springer that well, the consortia, the academia cannot retain the price increases anymore.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So they were really challenging them. And besides, they were accusing the publishers that you're also charging APCs where you are earning subscription fees. So it was always accused as double dipping. So we made an agreement with the VSNU, which is the abbreviation for the Dutch consortia, that this you know, you can bear the amount for the APCs as well as the subscription.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So this is the very beginning of the Read and Publishes publishing agreements, whereas we all call it now the transitional agreement or the transformative agreement. And the third period of. Started from 2017. One of the major milestones was that in 2018 there was a policy called Coalition S, so-called the Plan s that originated from Europe, saying that the affiliated corporations funded research needs to be open access immediately and this influenced a lot.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And the negotiation with the publishers started. And in 2020, Wiley and Project DEAL This is also a consortia. Well, it's more than a consortia. It's a national deal that we concluded with the Max Planck Digital Library that now started in 2020. The German national deal allows about 700 institutions affiliated under this deal have access to Wiley's journals and they can publish.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And of course there's an entitlement threshold, but the young researchers don't need to pay APCs themselves if they're affiliated in the respective institutions, they can publish in open access. And this really accelerated and influenced even the policy making in different countries. So and now Projekt DEAL they not only with Wiley, they have also deals with Springer and also the major publishing houses.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And it's a great milestone that has been achieved. So as you see, the open access history is not that long and it's still evolving and a lot of major deals happened in the last five years. So what's going on in Asia Pacific? I would like to touch on this. In Australia, the NHMRC. So they set an open access policy in 2021.
KATSUHISA ARAI: The chief scientific officer who's a lady called Cathy Foley, is now starting. Cathy Foley is now negotiating that she wants to have a deal since they have in Germany. And I was part of this negotiation. But there is a consortia called CAUL, which they have 54 affiliated institutions and Wiley has concluded a transformative agreement starting last year.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And the articles, the open access articles are increasing and it's really perceived as a great deal with the affiliated universities. What is happening in China. They have now set a green open access policy. And there are major. Well, the scientists, the researchers in China, they have to publish at least once in a peer reviewed article in order to progress their career.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So not a major milestone transformative agreement is set yet, although we predict that this will be coming very soon. And what is amazing is that Wiley has now concluded a national well, not a national. They have provisions that for the affiliated scientists in this designated area, they have access to Wiley contents. And, of course, they have an option to publish in open access as well as in subscription articles.
KATSUHISA ARAI: This is not a complete transformative agreement. However, we see that China, since the number of articles, has now ranked as number one all around the globe. We predict that the huge deal will be concluded in the coming years. India is a little bit in terms of the scientific output. It's one of the major countries within Wiley as well as the other publishers, although we are still in negotiation, but there is not any transformative agreement to date.
KATSUHISA ARAI: But this we have one negotiation that is really have come to the final stage and I think that it will be official in the next couple of months. As I said, I'm based in Tokyo, Japan, I was part of the negotiation of the 18 universities that started the transformative agreement this year, its so-called OASIS consortia. So although the ground zero was in Europe as Coalition S was set in Europe, the momentum in Europe is well is ahead of the APAC region.
KATSUHISA ARAI: However, the policies and the momentum is really influencing our region as well. So you can find how many transformative agreements that we have concluded to date. There are some in Hong Kong we have Mahidol in Thailand as well as the National University of Singapore, has gone to a transformative agreement last year as well. So how is Wiley responding to this movement?
KATSUHISA ARAI: This chart shows you the breakdown of the transformative agreements that have been concluded by publisher. Wiley is in purple after Elsevier and Springer. Nature is very close to us, but. The article share itself Wiley is about half of Springer Nature. However, we're second in terms of the transformative agreement market share after Elsevier.
KATSUHISA ARAI: This represents how much Wiley is focusing on to accelerate open access all around the world. And it's followed by Taylor and Francis, SAGE, and Cambridge University Press, ACS, OUP and other publishers are also pitching transformative agreements. And this is really a game changer within the industry nowadays.
KATSUHISA ARAI: This is a number of the transformative agreements that we have concluded. This is Wiley's data in Europe and Africa. So as you see, there's a map on the left hand side and the countries that are shaded in blue are the countries that we have concluded transformative agreements. And recently, we have also concluded a transformative agreement in South Africa, which is also very much of a milestone for us.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And this also includes how we can encourage young researchers to have their articles published in open access to have an impact in their research community. One of the beauty of the transformative agreements is that back in subscription was the mainstream. As I said, the article processing charge was necessary in order to have the article open access. And this the cost varies within Wiley is about 2000 to 3000, which is not a very reasonable amount for the young researchers.
KATSUHISA ARAI: But now the transformative agreements, if their institutions affiliated under this agreement, they can publish without paying the 2000 to 3,000 and have their article accessible to all researchers all around the globe. So this is one of the beauty that I've been advocating to many of the institutions and faculty deans. Americas I think most of you know that the White House has now announced that 2023 will be a year of open access.
KATSUHISA ARAI: The Biden administration is really focusing on this as well as the OSTP also announced last year that funded grant grant funded researchers, respective researchers are obliged to be open access. It was announced last year and this really accelerated the momentum in the United States as well as in South some of the deals in South America. So there are 31 active deals at the moment and it's still increasing.
KATSUHISA ARAI: APAC, you only have 6 and we're a little bit behind. However, I think I'll show you in the next slide that there are many countries in the pipeline. So one of the objectives of this transformative agreements is that we would like to influence the policy, how much that this deal can contribute in raising the impact of the researchers all around the world.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So I'm sure that this chart will be larger in a year time if I have an opportunity to showcase this to you again. But there are many that will are to come. At the moment we have only six, but there are many in the pipeline. So what's next? So as you see, there are many not only in the United States or Europe or in the Middle East. We have many in APAC as well.
KATSUHISA ARAI: One thing that I wanted to highlight is that Indonesia Indonesia, in order to have the Bachelor degree, they have to publish their article. In open access, not international publishing houses. However, this open access criteria meets the Directory of Open Access Journals. So Indonesia has a policy and it has an enormous number of articles, open access articles that are published throughout Indonesia.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So they are very common in terms of the impact of open access. So I think within my region, Indonesia is one of the very. high prospects that will come to a transformative agreement in the very near future. So this is very interesting. As you see, Chile, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Hong Kong, Japan, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Turkey and the United States.
KATSUHISA ARAI: These countries were never prospects five years ago. So many has changed within the last five years. So it's a very exciting era that we have entered. So I'm about to close this presentation, but the global open access movement. So as I said in the 2000s, it was declared as a very policy, but it was not a very hard policy.
KATSUHISA ARAI: I think it was an encouragement to the researchers that open access is will break down the barriers so it will be more accessible. But within the 20 years we supported policy changes. I'm sure that the OSTP has also saw the movement in Europe which made the decision of the OSTP. And it's a policy that influenced a huge amount of countries.
KATSUHISA ARAI: The United States is still the core in terms of these scientific policies. So I'm pretty sure that this will be followed by various countries that I stated in my previous slide. Open access has proven to increase visibility, especially ironically, the COVID 19. People were eager to obtain scientific information. What is the cure?
KATSUHISA ARAI: What is the latest status of the vaccination penetration? And of course, how many cases? So these medical articles were the majority were published, open access. People were eager to have access to this reliable information and also represented the importance of peer review, because there were so many information that were really placing a huge amount of anxiety to people, to the public, which is now revisited.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So I thought it was a great opportunity that peer reviewed, reliable information is very essential in this. national or global crisis. And the researchers themselves. They want their articles to be more read. They want to have received more citations. And not only the researchers' profile, but this will also contribute in the increase of the university rankings within for the universities that they're affiliated.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So in Japan, sadly, the impact articles are decreasing, and we're after Korea at the moment. So the government officials are really desperate to raise their visibility as well as their rankings within the research community. So that really pushes the 18 universities to go to a transformative agreement. And I'm sure Japan is known to be the most Nobel winner country.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So as a Japanese, I would like to encourage more universities to join the transformative agreement. In the coming years, of course, not only Japan, but I as a scientific publisher, our mission is to support the researchers with research integrity. And and I would like to stress that open access will never undermine the research integrity itself.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So thank you very much for your attention today, and I'm free to take any questions. Thank you very much.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Hi, everyone. I'm Hanna Shmagun from Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) in South Korea. And I'm pleased to be here and talk about Korea's national approach to open science.
HANNA SHMAGUN: I will tell you a little bit about the current state of play of regulatory and technological environments supporting open science in Korea. Then I will present a SWOT analysis to highlight the most important features of the Korea's stance towards open science. And finally, I will indicate its possible future directions.
HANNA SHMAGUN: There is growing political pressure to promote open science policies and practices in Korea. On this slide, you can see the most important milestones. For example, in 2018, the Ministry of Science and ICT elaborated a detailed strategy on research, data sharing and re-use, which led to some pilot projects in data-intensive research fields and to construction of national research data platform called DataON.
HANNA SHMAGUN: In 2021, six major open science supporting organizations, including KISTI, signed a Declaration on open access. In addition, a draft open science resolution for the National Assembly (Korean parliament) was prepared and is currently under consideration. Certain elements of open science can be found in laws and subordinate regulations on management and distribution of outputs from government-funded research.
HANNA SHMAGUN: The laws in this three boxes cover national R&D projects, and the last box on the bottom right applies to academic activities at universities supported by the Ministry of Education. Mostly all these provisions don't address open science explicitly. They require that researchers should submit the outputs' metadata to databases of specialized agencies.
HANNA SHMAGUN: But there is no requirement for the full text, other than for full text of final research reports. This legal instruments also provide a basis for operation of integrated information systems that connect national databases and make government-funded knowledge and information available to the public. One example is a digital platform called NTIS. In principle,
HANNA SHMAGUN: all these provisions can be a basis for further development of national open access policy through the Green route. These laws don't cover research data. Only the National R&D Information Processing Standard here which is a subordinate instrument made under the Innovation Act and enforced by the Ministry of Science and ICT
HANNA SHMAGUN: It has some general provisions on research data management regarding national R&D projects. These provisions are not mandatory and are not applied to all projects. The standard simply says that a responsible government agency can decide which national R&D project will need a data management plan (DMP).
HANNA SHMAGUN: The main problem with research data is that these data are not treated by law as a type of research output, such as papers, patents. It means that research data are not included in the scope of the system of management and distribution of national R&D project outputs. And so there is no requirement even for metadata of research data to be submitted.
HANNA SHMAGUN: According to earlier mentioned standard enforced by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the main government research funder, National Research Foundation (NRF) adopted the research data policy. However, the policy is applied only to certain data-intensive projects. One example is the neuroscience field. For such projects, the funder strictly requires researchers to submit a DMP as part of the application for project funding.
HANNA SHMAGUN: The funder expects that a R&D performance organization managers and openly shares the data where possible, in accordance with the DMP. The associated costs can be included in the full economic cost of a project. However, the funder didn't apply an official open access policy because there are no explicit requirements in the earlier mentioned laws.
HANNA SHMAGUN: The only policy in Korea, which explicitly requires open access to scientific publications is an institutional open access policy adopted by KISTI. Actually, it's the only Korean policy registered in the international Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates (ROARMAP). Here. KISTI is a government-funded research Institute under the Ministry of Science and ICT and one of the major open science supporting actors.
HANNA SHMAGUN: The KISTI open access policy requires its researchers to deposit a copy of the journal articles in institutional repository under the Creative Commons license, and it allows embargoes. The Institute covers individual APC costs and provides open access publishing support through Transformative Agreements with Elsevier and Wiley.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Now I will briefly introduce open science supporting digital infrastructures. This figure highlights an overarching knowledge infrastructure called ScienceON. It comprises several interconnected components, services operated by KISTI, and it's mainly oriented towards science and technology researchers. This services harvest relevant content from multiple domestic and foreign sources via open API.
HANNA SHMAGUN: For example, one of the oldest services within this infrastructure is NTIS. It represents an integrated information system, portal that federates knowledge and information associated with national R&D projects. NTIS supports the whole national R&D lifecycle -- from planning a project and finding calls documents to accessing project outputs. Another service is DataON, which serves as a national research data repository and integrated platform providing access to metadata and downloadable research data from R&D projects.
HANNA SHMAGUN: AccessON is a single-point-of-access platform to open access articles from domestic and international journals and repositories. It also provides self-archiving service for domestic researchers and open access journals. There are also a few initiatives with the main focus on the field of social sciences (SSH). Among them are KOSSDA, which is a digital archive of open social science research data, including survey-like data collections.
HANNA SHMAGUN: And the second one is RISS, which is an integrated information system of shared academic resources produced or owned by domestic universities. KOSSDA is a bottom-up initiative operated by Seoul National University, and the RISS is operated by an institution under the Ministry of Education. However, RISS cannot be considered as a full-fledged service supporting open access because it provides paywalled access to full text articles for users not affiliated with RISS- subscribing institutions.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Only degree theses, educational resources and research reports are open access for everyone. Here you can see some Korea's strengths that support open science promotion. For example, mature ICT infrastructure serves as an enabler for open science infrastructure development. Also, Korea has been long recognized as a global leader in terms of its regulatory framework and infrastructure for Open Government Data, which not only enhances transparency of public institutions in general, but also encourages, in principle, open science culture and disclosure of information from government-funded research.
HANNA SHMAGUN: In addition, Korea already has a well-established system of management and distribution of national R&D project outputs supported by legislative norms and digital infrastructure such as NTIS. And this has established a good basis for gradual incorporation of open science elements into this system. The weaknesses can be explained by lack of sufficient political will to promote open science.
HANNA SHMAGUN: For example, Korea lacks a nationwide holistic strategy, plan for open science, and there are a few legal instruments and policies that explicitly encourage or mandate open science. As mentioned earlier, research data are not considered as output of R&D projects. And another weakness is that high priority given to journals' Impact Factor within evaluation procedures of projects and researchers
HANNA SHMAGUN: and there are no policies to include open science indicators in such procedures. Now a few examples of the identified threats that can negatively affect Korea's open science approach. Since Korea tends to give high priority to Impact Factor and open access routes provided by journals, there is a risk of increased dependency on large international commercial publishers through Transformative Agreements.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Also, there is a risk of increasing disparity between Korea and the 'Global North' countries in terms of the visibility of research outputs, which is actually a problem for other Asian countries as well. Regarding opportunities, One opportunity to exploit in the future is that global collaboration on open science, which has been additionally triggered by the coronavirus pandemic, will be increasing in the future and be further promoted by international bodies like UNESCO.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Another example is growing support across countries for Diamond open access models and innovative venues for rapid and transparent open access publishing beyond the traditional journal, such as the European Commission's Open Research Europe publishing platform. Here, I will introduce some possible future strategies to address SWOT factors. The highest priority should be given to strategies attempting to minimize both internal weaknesses and external threats.
HANNA SHMAGUN: For example, First is fostering multi-stakeholder working groups/fora as a coordinated approach to formulation and implementation of agreed National Open Science Plan. For example, something similar to that has been achieved in France. I mean the French National Plan for Open Science. In Korea, the Ministry of Science and ICT can coordinate this work.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Second, it's amending the earlier mentioned legislation on management and distribution of outputs from government-funded research by including explicit provisions on open science, open access in particular. Taking into account the Korean legal system, such amendments will make public institutions to adopt relevant open science policies. And Third, it's reinforcing the domestic open access publishing ecosystem to become less dependent on large commercial publishers.
HANNA SHMAGUN: It can be done through greater support for domestic journals to flip to high-quality open access journals and investment in novel open access venues, such as transparent publishing platforms. One example of strategy to minimize internal weaknesses by taking advantage of external opportunities is joining a global movement on reforming research assessment, such as the Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment endorsed by the European Commission.
HANNA SHMAGUN: This coalition aims to reduce the reliance on Impact Factors and to bring in open science-related indicators. An example of a strategy to use Korea's strengths and external opportunities is exporting Korean open science- friendly infrastructures and tools to partner countries, especially outside the 'Global North'. Some work has been already done. For example, KISTI has been implementing and customizing the NTIS platform's source code in other countries.
HANNA SHMAGUN: And finally, a possible strategy to use internal strengths to minimize external threats is advancing domestic digital infrastructure for open science by including innovative approaches for openness at different stages of the research process, such as inclusion of participatory methods to capture inputs from citizens. This can be done in partnership with the private sector.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Further details you can see in this paper, which I co-authored with my colleagues. That's all for me. Thank you very much. And my contact information is here if you have any questions.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Hello, I'm Ritsuko Nakajima, director of the Department for Information Infrastructure at Japan Science and Technology Agency, which is also known as JST.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Today, I am pleased to talk about open science policy and implementation in Japan, and especially about JST's policies. First, I would like to give you an overview of the open science policy in Japan to show the circumstances surrounding us. Secondly, I will talk about how we have promoted open science at JST.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: The introduction of our policy and the review of our efforts in promoting the policy. Thirdly, I will present some information services. we operate which help promote open science. Finally, I will touch on future perspectives. Open science in Japan has been promoted in accordance with global trends. The policy of Science and Technology in general is implemented based on the Science and Technology Basic Plan.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Open access was initially addressed in the fourth plan in 2011, and the open science was in the fifth in 2016. At about that time, an expert group was established by the cabinet office and they have been issuing guidelines and reports on data management policy, data repository and research data infrastructure. In 2021, the sixth plan was approved.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: The sixth plan states that open science should be promoted and the construction of a new research system. And improvement of infrastructure to support the digital transformation of research and acceleration of high value added research. It promotes the development of an environment that makes information research results, including preprints, widely available.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Here are some statements in the government's policy documents that are relevant to open access. In the fourth science and technology basic plan. The government would encourage universities and the public resource institutions to establish institutional repositories so that they may promote systematic collection, retention, and open access of education and research results, such as research papers, observations, and experiment data.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: By digitalizing them. The government would also promote electronic issuance of research paper journals published by academic societies and associations and digitization and open access to literature and materials possessed by the National Diet Library and university libraries, including those in humanities and social science.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: In 2020, the Ministry of Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, MEXT for short, established a subcommittee to discuss the journal issues in Japan and published a report in February 2021. The report recommends that funders should mandate open access to papers produced by funded research. Given that Japan has been mainly focusing on green OA,
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: the form of open access should be independent of the publisher's business model and researchers should be able to choose the form strategically. It should be recognized that there are a variety of ways to make an article open access. For example, open access can be achieved by using preprint servers in research fields where preprint servers are well established or depositing bulletins and the author's final manuscript in institutional repositories.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Having said that, however, appropriate consideration and measures should be taken so that researchers can continue to focus on their research activities and not become overburdened with complex paperwork. In light of these circumstances, I will now introduce the JST's open science policy and its response. First, let me introduce JST.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: JST is a National Research and Development Agency under MEXT. We promote project based on the government's Science, Technology and Innovation. Basic Plan. The budget is of JST is about $1.3 billion and 74% of the budget is spent on research funding. It also has other missions as a core foundation responsible for creating knowledge, returning research results to society and maintaining research infrastructures in Japan.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: The information platform and database services in the box on the lower right includes information services that our Department provides. Its missions are to collect, compile and preserve domestic and foreign, scientific and technological information and provide and make such information publicly available. And the history of JST is OS policy development as shown overlaid on the previous slide.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: In 2013, JST open access policy was issued. Where open access to papers and research funded by JST is recommended. In 2017, the policy was replaced by the open science policy to include the policy on the treatment of research data. Then in April 2022, we revised the OS policy to impose a less than 12 month embargo on open access for peer reviewed articles.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: JST was one of the first among Japanese funders to establish an open science policy. The policy consists of two main pillars. One is open access to research publications and requires making papers from research funded by JST publicly available. The second is on the preservation, management and access to research data.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: All papers resulting from JST-supported research are stipulated to be open access. The method to make papers OA is not limited, but in line with the National policy green OA is recommended. However, gold OA is also allowed. Since 2012, the year before the policy implementation, the OA rate has improved.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: It is not easy to quantify, but we roughly estimate it to be 50%. JST's rate is in line with that of other funders overseas, as shown in the table at the bottom right. But it is not enough--why? The policy requires open access and we still need to improve it. This is a CHORUS dashboard service that shows the open access rate of JST-funded research.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: CHORUS is a nonprofit organization that provides a framework to promote open science with publishers, funders and research institutes. JST has used this service since 2017. The upper right graph shows the number of articles from JST-funded research and OA license types in the CHORUS data. This is not all the results JST has funded because CHORUS data come primarily from English language journals and include few Japanese language articles.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: However, you can see an approximate trend. More than half of the OAs have a version of record type. From this point forward, I would like to introduce you some of the information services we provide that can be used to promote open science. J-STAGE is a journal platform for Japanese academic societies. It was launched in 1999 and enables Japanese academic societies to publish their journals online.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: The academic societies will be able to disseminate their journals globally, which will enhance the quality of their journals and the presence of research results from Japan. Furthermore, it also contributes to open access, as most of the journals are available free of charge. J-STAGE hosts 3,524 titles as of March 2022, with more than 5 million articles published by more than 2000 academic societies.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Last year, the articles were downloaded more than 400 million times. About 86% of journals on J-STAGE are free or open access. As the chart shows. J-STAGE this data is the data repository to publish research data that underlie articles on J-STAGE. It was released in March 2020.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: It is all open access and the DOI is registered to each dataset. The dataset is a link to the corresponding article on J-STAGE. Currently we have 32 journals with 462 data sets. We use the Figshare platform, which is one of the common platforms in scholarly communication and so is familiar to many users and it has a full range of basic functions.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: For example, published their index by Google Dataset Search and Dimensions. In March 2022, we launched a preprint server, Jxiv. This is the first full scale preprint server in Japan. You can submit preprints in English or Japanese in all research fields. Our server received submissions from inside and outside of Japan.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: There are many well-established preprint servers in the global scientific community, but still we set up a new server. We consider that a preprint server run by a national organization could effectively, effectively work the matters listed in the right box. It will complement the time-consuming journal publication process leading to the early application of research results.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: It would enable the continuous operation of a preprint server because a stable financial basis. It could function as a forum for rapid discussion of urgent issues as country- and region-specific research. It will also contribute to open access. Finally, I will touch on future perspectives.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: I borrowed this slide from the presentation by Dr. Akaike of the cabinet office last December. In Japan, The cabinet office is in charge of open science policy. The JST platforms of J-STAGE data, and Jxiv are infrastructure for research papers and accompanying research data. On the right is research data cloud by the National Institute of Informatics.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: This infrastructures are being developed at how researchers and research institutions, which have different circumstances, can make use of them as an issue for the future. Thank you for your attention.
YASUSHI OGASAKA: Now we will move on to the discussion part. All the audiences are invited to participate in discussion with speakers. Please advance to the discussion session.
YASUSHI OGASAKA: Thank you.
Segment:0 .
YASUSHI OGASAKA: Hello and welcome to the NISO Plus 2023 session titled "How are APAC countries approaching national open access policies?"
YASUSHI OGASAKA: My name is Yasushi Ogasaka and I'm from Japan Agency for Medical Research and and Development or AMED and I am serving as a moderator of the session. This session focuses on policy on open access to scholarly articles in countries in the Asia-Pacific region. With the implementation of Plan S in many countries, the landscape surrounding open access to scholarly publication has entered a new phase.
YASUSHI OGASAKA: Furthermore, the issuance of the United States OSTP memorandum on public access to federally funded research in August 2022 is expected to further promote open access in the United States as well. For countries in the Asia-Pacific region, it is therefore important to consider what kind of national policy to adopt under these circumstances. In this session we invite speakers from publishing company and government agencies and discuss about open access policy landscape in this region.
YASUSHI OGASAKA: First speaker is Mr. Katsuhisa Arai of Wiley Publishing Japan. He is going to give us some insights from publisher's perspective. The second speaker is Ms. Hanna Shmagun from Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, and she will be presenting the policy landscape of open science in Korea. The third and final speaker is Ms. Ritsuko Nakajima from Japan Science and Technology Agency, and she will be presenting about the development of open science policy in JST, which is one of the leading funding agencies in Japan.
YASUSHI OGASAKA: So without further ado, we will start presentations. Hello, everyone.
KATSUHISA ARAI: My name is Katsuhisa Arai. I'm the senior director of library sales at Wiley. I'm based in Tokyo, Japan. I'm very much delighted to have the opportunity to make a presentation on how the evolving landscape of open access is transitioning, especially in APAC. Just to give you more insights, I included the global movements as well.
KATSUHISA ARAI: First of all, I'd like to talk to you about different types of open access articles. I'm pretty sure that you have heard about gold open access and green open access. So this chart shows you the differences. The gold OA is the definition that is accessible immediately. Whereas as a commercial publisher, we try to accelerate this gold OA which is free of re-use, although the copyright is retained to the author, whereas the green author is a self archived version.
KATSUHISA ARAI: It's the final version after submission to a respective publisher and it's mainly and commonly archived in a repository or. Or personal websites or databases. Gold OA is publicly free to access, whereas the green is also similar. But a fee occurs to gold OA, which is called the article publication charge, or sometimes it's called Article processing charge, whereas the green OA does not accompany any of the payment to the author.
KATSUHISA ARAI: The license and rights, the Creative Commons license is attached to the gold OA. Whereas the green OA does not. The right of use is attached to the author and the options is that it's published in an open access journal under the name of Wiley or Springer Nature or Elsevier and many of the other publishing houses. The green OA, however, is mainly, as I said, is archived in repositories, and in order to retain the version of record, we attach the link to the published version.
KATSUHISA ARAI: Sorry before going into this slide, I just wanted to introduce myself. I currently work for Wiley for two years and five months before that I assumed a role in our competitors such as Springer Nature and Elsevier. And also I've been working in language edit companies, so I'm pretty much around in the industry about 15, 20 years. So yeah, I should have mentioned that in the beginning, but just for, you know.
KATSUHISA ARAI: The OA advantage. We did an analysis of how the open access articles will benefit the authors from 2015 to 2020, which was a five year analysis that was run within the Wiley journals. We compared the subscription journals and the open access journals, and we've witnessed that the download has increased for more than three times and the citations were more roughly about 1.5 to 2 times more than a subscription article.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And the altmetric score has increased by 2.7 times. For you to know the altmetric scores is a score that how frequent it's mentioned in social media, on Twitter or whatever in social media. And it's now very much focused as a different criteria to measure the article impact.
KATSUHISA ARAI: Next, I would like to talk to you, talk to you about the history of open access and what is happening in our region, Asia-Pacific. So open access is quite the history is about 20 years in time. In the early 2000 it was there was a declaration in Budapest and Berlin and it started from there.
KATSUHISA ARAI: Right now there are more than 1,000 policies all around the world. And it's still increasing. Open access is a very common word and it's picked from various media. So I think that a lot of you, not only people in the industry, understand the term of open access nowadays. I think the 20 years can be divided into two three main periods of time.
KATSUHISA ARAI: In the early 2000s, as I mentioned, there was the Berlin and Budapest declaration and people were quite skeptical about open access. Is the quality OK or. And the publishers were also not very much thinking this as a business model. And it was the authors were obliged to pay article processing charges, whereas the subscription journal was already the mainstream of scholarly communications.
KATSUHISA ARAI: But Springer Nature. Well, in that period, it was only Springer. They acquired a born-OA journal company called Biomed Central BMC. And it was now it has now become one of their major brands. But it was it happened back in 2007. In 2008. From 2009. One of the milestones that in 2016, the consortium in the Netherlands did a very hard negotiation with the publishing houses such as Elsevier, Wiley and Springer that well, the consortia, the academia cannot retain the price increases anymore.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So they were really challenging them. And besides, they were accusing the publishers that you're also charging APCs where you are earning subscription fees. So it was always accused as double dipping. So we made an agreement with the VSNU, which is the abbreviation for the Dutch consortia, that this you know, you can bear the amount for the APCs as well as the subscription.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So this is the very beginning of the Read and Publishes publishing agreements, whereas we all call it now the transitional agreement or the transformative agreement. And the third period of. Started from 2017. One of the major milestones was that in 2018 there was a policy called Coalition S, so-called the Plan s that originated from Europe, saying that the affiliated corporations funded research needs to be open access immediately and this influenced a lot.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And the negotiation with the publishers started. And in 2020, Wiley and Project DEAL This is also a consortia. Well, it's more than a consortia. It's a national deal that we concluded with the Max Planck Digital Library that now started in 2020. The German national deal allows about 700 institutions affiliated under this deal have access to Wiley's journals and they can publish.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And of course there's an entitlement threshold, but the young researchers don't need to pay APCs themselves if they're affiliated in the respective institutions, they can publish in open access. And this really accelerated and influenced even the policy making in different countries. So and now Projekt DEAL they not only with Wiley, they have also deals with Springer and also the major publishing houses.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And it's a great milestone that has been achieved. So as you see, the open access history is not that long and it's still evolving and a lot of major deals happened in the last five years. So what's going on in Asia Pacific? I would like to touch on this. In Australia, the NHMRC. So they set an open access policy in 2021.
KATSUHISA ARAI: The chief scientific officer who's a lady called Cathy Foley, is now starting. Cathy Foley is now negotiating that she wants to have a deal since they have in Germany. And I was part of this negotiation. But there is a consortia called CAUL, which they have 54 affiliated institutions and Wiley has concluded a transformative agreement starting last year.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And the articles, the open access articles are increasing and it's really perceived as a great deal with the affiliated universities. What is happening in China. They have now set a green open access policy. And there are major. Well, the scientists, the researchers in China, they have to publish at least once in a peer reviewed article in order to progress their career.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So not a major milestone transformative agreement is set yet, although we predict that this will be coming very soon. And what is amazing is that Wiley has now concluded a national well, not a national. They have provisions that for the affiliated scientists in this designated area, they have access to Wiley contents. And, of course, they have an option to publish in open access as well as in subscription articles.
KATSUHISA ARAI: This is not a complete transformative agreement. However, we see that China, since the number of articles, has now ranked as number one all around the globe. We predict that the huge deal will be concluded in the coming years. India is a little bit in terms of the scientific output. It's one of the major countries within Wiley as well as the other publishers, although we are still in negotiation, but there is not any transformative agreement to date.
KATSUHISA ARAI: But this we have one negotiation that is really have come to the final stage and I think that it will be official in the next couple of months. As I said, I'm based in Tokyo, Japan, I was part of the negotiation of the 18 universities that started the transformative agreement this year, its so-called OASIS consortia. So although the ground zero was in Europe as Coalition S was set in Europe, the momentum in Europe is well is ahead of the APAC region.
KATSUHISA ARAI: However, the policies and the momentum is really influencing our region as well. So you can find how many transformative agreements that we have concluded to date. There are some in Hong Kong we have Mahidol in Thailand as well as the National University of Singapore, has gone to a transformative agreement last year as well. So how is Wiley responding to this movement?
KATSUHISA ARAI: This chart shows you the breakdown of the transformative agreements that have been concluded by publisher. Wiley is in purple after Elsevier and Springer. Nature is very close to us, but. The article share itself Wiley is about half of Springer Nature. However, we're second in terms of the transformative agreement market share after Elsevier.
KATSUHISA ARAI: This represents how much Wiley is focusing on to accelerate open access all around the world. And it's followed by Taylor and Francis, SAGE, and Cambridge University Press, ACS, OUP and other publishers are also pitching transformative agreements. And this is really a game changer within the industry nowadays.
KATSUHISA ARAI: This is a number of the transformative agreements that we have concluded. This is Wiley's data in Europe and Africa. So as you see, there's a map on the left hand side and the countries that are shaded in blue are the countries that we have concluded transformative agreements. And recently, we have also concluded a transformative agreement in South Africa, which is also very much of a milestone for us.
KATSUHISA ARAI: And this also includes how we can encourage young researchers to have their articles published in open access to have an impact in their research community. One of the beauty of the transformative agreements is that back in subscription was the mainstream. As I said, the article processing charge was necessary in order to have the article open access. And this the cost varies within Wiley is about 2000 to 3000, which is not a very reasonable amount for the young researchers.
KATSUHISA ARAI: But now the transformative agreements, if their institutions affiliated under this agreement, they can publish without paying the 2000 to 3,000 and have their article accessible to all researchers all around the globe. So this is one of the beauty that I've been advocating to many of the institutions and faculty deans. Americas I think most of you know that the White House has now announced that 2023 will be a year of open access.
KATSUHISA ARAI: The Biden administration is really focusing on this as well as the OSTP also announced last year that funded grant grant funded researchers, respective researchers are obliged to be open access. It was announced last year and this really accelerated the momentum in the United States as well as in South some of the deals in South America. So there are 31 active deals at the moment and it's still increasing.
KATSUHISA ARAI: APAC, you only have 6 and we're a little bit behind. However, I think I'll show you in the next slide that there are many countries in the pipeline. So one of the objectives of this transformative agreements is that we would like to influence the policy, how much that this deal can contribute in raising the impact of the researchers all around the world.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So I'm sure that this chart will be larger in a year time if I have an opportunity to showcase this to you again. But there are many that will are to come. At the moment we have only six, but there are many in the pipeline. So what's next? So as you see, there are many not only in the United States or Europe or in the Middle East. We have many in APAC as well.
KATSUHISA ARAI: One thing that I wanted to highlight is that Indonesia Indonesia, in order to have the Bachelor degree, they have to publish their article. In open access, not international publishing houses. However, this open access criteria meets the Directory of Open Access Journals. So Indonesia has a policy and it has an enormous number of articles, open access articles that are published throughout Indonesia.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So they are very common in terms of the impact of open access. So I think within my region, Indonesia is one of the very. high prospects that will come to a transformative agreement in the very near future. So this is very interesting. As you see, Chile, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Hong Kong, Japan, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Turkey and the United States.
KATSUHISA ARAI: These countries were never prospects five years ago. So many has changed within the last five years. So it's a very exciting era that we have entered. So I'm about to close this presentation, but the global open access movement. So as I said in the 2000s, it was declared as a very policy, but it was not a very hard policy.
KATSUHISA ARAI: I think it was an encouragement to the researchers that open access is will break down the barriers so it will be more accessible. But within the 20 years we supported policy changes. I'm sure that the OSTP has also saw the movement in Europe which made the decision of the OSTP. And it's a policy that influenced a huge amount of countries.
KATSUHISA ARAI: The United States is still the core in terms of these scientific policies. So I'm pretty sure that this will be followed by various countries that I stated in my previous slide. Open access has proven to increase visibility, especially ironically, the COVID 19. People were eager to obtain scientific information. What is the cure?
KATSUHISA ARAI: What is the latest status of the vaccination penetration? And of course, how many cases? So these medical articles were the majority were published, open access. People were eager to have access to this reliable information and also represented the importance of peer review, because there were so many information that were really placing a huge amount of anxiety to people, to the public, which is now revisited.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So I thought it was a great opportunity that peer reviewed, reliable information is very essential in this. national or global crisis. And the researchers themselves. They want their articles to be more read. They want to have received more citations. And not only the researchers' profile, but this will also contribute in the increase of the university rankings within for the universities that they're affiliated.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So in Japan, sadly, the impact articles are decreasing, and we're after Korea at the moment. So the government officials are really desperate to raise their visibility as well as their rankings within the research community. So that really pushes the 18 universities to go to a transformative agreement. And I'm sure Japan is known to be the most Nobel winner country.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So as a Japanese, I would like to encourage more universities to join the transformative agreement. In the coming years, of course, not only Japan, but I as a scientific publisher, our mission is to support the researchers with research integrity. And and I would like to stress that open access will never undermine the research integrity itself.
KATSUHISA ARAI: So thank you very much for your attention today, and I'm free to take any questions. Thank you very much.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Hi, everyone. I'm Hanna Shmagun from Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) in South Korea. And I'm pleased to be here and talk about Korea's national approach to open science.
HANNA SHMAGUN: I will tell you a little bit about the current state of play of regulatory and technological environments supporting open science in Korea. Then I will present a SWOT analysis to highlight the most important features of the Korea's stance towards open science. And finally, I will indicate its possible future directions.
HANNA SHMAGUN: There is growing political pressure to promote open science policies and practices in Korea. On this slide, you can see the most important milestones. For example, in 2018, the Ministry of Science and ICT elaborated a detailed strategy on research, data sharing and re-use, which led to some pilot projects in data-intensive research fields and to construction of national research data platform called DataON.
HANNA SHMAGUN: In 2021, six major open science supporting organizations, including KISTI, signed a Declaration on open access. In addition, a draft open science resolution for the National Assembly (Korean parliament) was prepared and is currently under consideration. Certain elements of open science can be found in laws and subordinate regulations on management and distribution of outputs from government-funded research.
HANNA SHMAGUN: The laws in this three boxes cover national R&D projects, and the last box on the bottom right applies to academic activities at universities supported by the Ministry of Education. Mostly all these provisions don't address open science explicitly. They require that researchers should submit the outputs' metadata to databases of specialized agencies.
HANNA SHMAGUN: But there is no requirement for the full text, other than for full text of final research reports. This legal instruments also provide a basis for operation of integrated information systems that connect national databases and make government-funded knowledge and information available to the public. One example is a digital platform called NTIS. In principle,
HANNA SHMAGUN: all these provisions can be a basis for further development of national open access policy through the Green route. These laws don't cover research data. Only the National R&D Information Processing Standard here which is a subordinate instrument made under the Innovation Act and enforced by the Ministry of Science and ICT
HANNA SHMAGUN: It has some general provisions on research data management regarding national R&D projects. These provisions are not mandatory and are not applied to all projects. The standard simply says that a responsible government agency can decide which national R&D project will need a data management plan (DMP).
HANNA SHMAGUN: The main problem with research data is that these data are not treated by law as a type of research output, such as papers, patents. It means that research data are not included in the scope of the system of management and distribution of national R&D project outputs. And so there is no requirement even for metadata of research data to be submitted.
HANNA SHMAGUN: According to earlier mentioned standard enforced by the Ministry of Science and ICT, the main government research funder, National Research Foundation (NRF) adopted the research data policy. However, the policy is applied only to certain data-intensive projects. One example is the neuroscience field. For such projects, the funder strictly requires researchers to submit a DMP as part of the application for project funding.
HANNA SHMAGUN: The funder expects that a R&D performance organization managers and openly shares the data where possible, in accordance with the DMP. The associated costs can be included in the full economic cost of a project. However, the funder didn't apply an official open access policy because there are no explicit requirements in the earlier mentioned laws.
HANNA SHMAGUN: The only policy in Korea, which explicitly requires open access to scientific publications is an institutional open access policy adopted by KISTI. Actually, it's the only Korean policy registered in the international Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates (ROARMAP). Here. KISTI is a government-funded research Institute under the Ministry of Science and ICT and one of the major open science supporting actors.
HANNA SHMAGUN: The KISTI open access policy requires its researchers to deposit a copy of the journal articles in institutional repository under the Creative Commons license, and it allows embargoes. The Institute covers individual APC costs and provides open access publishing support through Transformative Agreements with Elsevier and Wiley.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Now I will briefly introduce open science supporting digital infrastructures. This figure highlights an overarching knowledge infrastructure called ScienceON. It comprises several interconnected components, services operated by KISTI, and it's mainly oriented towards science and technology researchers. This services harvest relevant content from multiple domestic and foreign sources via open API.
HANNA SHMAGUN: For example, one of the oldest services within this infrastructure is NTIS. It represents an integrated information system, portal that federates knowledge and information associated with national R&D projects. NTIS supports the whole national R&D lifecycle -- from planning a project and finding calls documents to accessing project outputs. Another service is DataON, which serves as a national research data repository and integrated platform providing access to metadata and downloadable research data from R&D projects.
HANNA SHMAGUN: AccessON is a single-point-of-access platform to open access articles from domestic and international journals and repositories. It also provides self-archiving service for domestic researchers and open access journals. There are also a few initiatives with the main focus on the field of social sciences (SSH). Among them are KOSSDA, which is a digital archive of open social science research data, including survey-like data collections.
HANNA SHMAGUN: And the second one is RISS, which is an integrated information system of shared academic resources produced or owned by domestic universities. KOSSDA is a bottom-up initiative operated by Seoul National University, and the RISS is operated by an institution under the Ministry of Education. However, RISS cannot be considered as a full-fledged service supporting open access because it provides paywalled access to full text articles for users not affiliated with RISS- subscribing institutions.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Only degree theses, educational resources and research reports are open access for everyone. Here you can see some Korea's strengths that support open science promotion. For example, mature ICT infrastructure serves as an enabler for open science infrastructure development. Also, Korea has been long recognized as a global leader in terms of its regulatory framework and infrastructure for Open Government Data, which not only enhances transparency of public institutions in general, but also encourages, in principle, open science culture and disclosure of information from government-funded research.
HANNA SHMAGUN: In addition, Korea already has a well-established system of management and distribution of national R&D project outputs supported by legislative norms and digital infrastructure such as NTIS. And this has established a good basis for gradual incorporation of open science elements into this system. The weaknesses can be explained by lack of sufficient political will to promote open science.
HANNA SHMAGUN: For example, Korea lacks a nationwide holistic strategy, plan for open science, and there are a few legal instruments and policies that explicitly encourage or mandate open science. As mentioned earlier, research data are not considered as output of R&D projects. And another weakness is that high priority given to journals' Impact Factor within evaluation procedures of projects and researchers
HANNA SHMAGUN: and there are no policies to include open science indicators in such procedures. Now a few examples of the identified threats that can negatively affect Korea's open science approach. Since Korea tends to give high priority to Impact Factor and open access routes provided by journals, there is a risk of increased dependency on large international commercial publishers through Transformative Agreements.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Also, there is a risk of increasing disparity between Korea and the 'Global North' countries in terms of the visibility of research outputs, which is actually a problem for other Asian countries as well. Regarding opportunities, One opportunity to exploit in the future is that global collaboration on open science, which has been additionally triggered by the coronavirus pandemic, will be increasing in the future and be further promoted by international bodies like UNESCO.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Another example is growing support across countries for Diamond open access models and innovative venues for rapid and transparent open access publishing beyond the traditional journal, such as the European Commission's Open Research Europe publishing platform. Here, I will introduce some possible future strategies to address SWOT factors. The highest priority should be given to strategies attempting to minimize both internal weaknesses and external threats.
HANNA SHMAGUN: For example, First is fostering multi-stakeholder working groups/fora as a coordinated approach to formulation and implementation of agreed National Open Science Plan. For example, something similar to that has been achieved in France. I mean the French National Plan for Open Science. In Korea, the Ministry of Science and ICT can coordinate this work.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Second, it's amending the earlier mentioned legislation on management and distribution of outputs from government-funded research by including explicit provisions on open science, open access in particular. Taking into account the Korean legal system, such amendments will make public institutions to adopt relevant open science policies. And Third, it's reinforcing the domestic open access publishing ecosystem to become less dependent on large commercial publishers.
HANNA SHMAGUN: It can be done through greater support for domestic journals to flip to high-quality open access journals and investment in novel open access venues, such as transparent publishing platforms. One example of strategy to minimize internal weaknesses by taking advantage of external opportunities is joining a global movement on reforming research assessment, such as the Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment endorsed by the European Commission.
HANNA SHMAGUN: This coalition aims to reduce the reliance on Impact Factors and to bring in open science-related indicators. An example of a strategy to use Korea's strengths and external opportunities is exporting Korean open science- friendly infrastructures and tools to partner countries, especially outside the 'Global North'. Some work has been already done. For example, KISTI has been implementing and customizing the NTIS platform's source code in other countries.
HANNA SHMAGUN: And finally, a possible strategy to use internal strengths to minimize external threats is advancing domestic digital infrastructure for open science by including innovative approaches for openness at different stages of the research process, such as inclusion of participatory methods to capture inputs from citizens. This can be done in partnership with the private sector.
HANNA SHMAGUN: Further details you can see in this paper, which I co-authored with my colleagues. That's all for me. Thank you very much. And my contact information is here if you have any questions.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Hello, I'm Ritsuko Nakajima, director of the Department for Information Infrastructure at Japan Science and Technology Agency, which is also known as JST.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Today, I am pleased to talk about open science policy and implementation in Japan, and especially about JST's policies. First, I would like to give you an overview of the open science policy in Japan to show the circumstances surrounding us. Secondly, I will talk about how we have promoted open science at JST.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: The introduction of our policy and the review of our efforts in promoting the policy. Thirdly, I will present some information services. we operate which help promote open science. Finally, I will touch on future perspectives. Open science in Japan has been promoted in accordance with global trends. The policy of Science and Technology in general is implemented based on the Science and Technology Basic Plan.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Open access was initially addressed in the fourth plan in 2011, and the open science was in the fifth in 2016. At about that time, an expert group was established by the cabinet office and they have been issuing guidelines and reports on data management policy, data repository and research data infrastructure. In 2021, the sixth plan was approved.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: The sixth plan states that open science should be promoted and the construction of a new research system. And improvement of infrastructure to support the digital transformation of research and acceleration of high value added research. It promotes the development of an environment that makes information research results, including preprints, widely available.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Here are some statements in the government's policy documents that are relevant to open access. In the fourth science and technology basic plan. The government would encourage universities and the public resource institutions to establish institutional repositories so that they may promote systematic collection, retention, and open access of education and research results, such as research papers, observations, and experiment data.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: By digitalizing them. The government would also promote electronic issuance of research paper journals published by academic societies and associations and digitization and open access to literature and materials possessed by the National Diet Library and university libraries, including those in humanities and social science.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: In 2020, the Ministry of Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, MEXT for short, established a subcommittee to discuss the journal issues in Japan and published a report in February 2021. The report recommends that funders should mandate open access to papers produced by funded research. Given that Japan has been mainly focusing on green OA,
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: the form of open access should be independent of the publisher's business model and researchers should be able to choose the form strategically. It should be recognized that there are a variety of ways to make an article open access. For example, open access can be achieved by using preprint servers in research fields where preprint servers are well established or depositing bulletins and the author's final manuscript in institutional repositories.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Having said that, however, appropriate consideration and measures should be taken so that researchers can continue to focus on their research activities and not become overburdened with complex paperwork. In light of these circumstances, I will now introduce the JST's open science policy and its response. First, let me introduce JST.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: JST is a National Research and Development Agency under MEXT. We promote project based on the government's Science, Technology and Innovation. Basic Plan. The budget is of JST is about $1.3 billion and 74% of the budget is spent on research funding. It also has other missions as a core foundation responsible for creating knowledge, returning research results to society and maintaining research infrastructures in Japan.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: The information platform and database services in the box on the lower right includes information services that our Department provides. Its missions are to collect, compile and preserve domestic and foreign, scientific and technological information and provide and make such information publicly available. And the history of JST is OS policy development as shown overlaid on the previous slide.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: In 2013, JST open access policy was issued. Where open access to papers and research funded by JST is recommended. In 2017, the policy was replaced by the open science policy to include the policy on the treatment of research data. Then in April 2022, we revised the OS policy to impose a less than 12 month embargo on open access for peer reviewed articles.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: JST was one of the first among Japanese funders to establish an open science policy. The policy consists of two main pillars. One is open access to research publications and requires making papers from research funded by JST publicly available. The second is on the preservation, management and access to research data.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: All papers resulting from JST-supported research are stipulated to be open access. The method to make papers OA is not limited, but in line with the National policy green OA is recommended. However, gold OA is also allowed. Since 2012, the year before the policy implementation, the OA rate has improved.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: It is not easy to quantify, but we roughly estimate it to be 50%. JST's rate is in line with that of other funders overseas, as shown in the table at the bottom right. But it is not enough--why? The policy requires open access and we still need to improve it. This is a CHORUS dashboard service that shows the open access rate of JST-funded research.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: CHORUS is a nonprofit organization that provides a framework to promote open science with publishers, funders and research institutes. JST has used this service since 2017. The upper right graph shows the number of articles from JST-funded research and OA license types in the CHORUS data. This is not all the results JST has funded because CHORUS data come primarily from English language journals and include few Japanese language articles.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: However, you can see an approximate trend. More than half of the OAs have a version of record type. From this point forward, I would like to introduce you some of the information services we provide that can be used to promote open science. J-STAGE is a journal platform for Japanese academic societies. It was launched in 1999 and enables Japanese academic societies to publish their journals online.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: The academic societies will be able to disseminate their journals globally, which will enhance the quality of their journals and the presence of research results from Japan. Furthermore, it also contributes to open access, as most of the journals are available free of charge. J-STAGE hosts 3,524 titles as of March 2022, with more than 5 million articles published by more than 2000 academic societies.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: Last year, the articles were downloaded more than 400 million times. About 86% of journals on J-STAGE are free or open access. As the chart shows. J-STAGE this data is the data repository to publish research data that underlie articles on J-STAGE. It was released in March 2020.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: It is all open access and the DOI is registered to each dataset. The dataset is a link to the corresponding article on J-STAGE. Currently we have 32 journals with 462 data sets. We use the Figshare platform, which is one of the common platforms in scholarly communication and so is familiar to many users and it has a full range of basic functions.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: For example, published their index by Google Dataset Search and Dimensions. In March 2022, we launched a preprint server, Jxiv. This is the first full scale preprint server in Japan. You can submit preprints in English or Japanese in all research fields. Our server received submissions from inside and outside of Japan.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: There are many well-established preprint servers in the global scientific community, but still we set up a new server. We consider that a preprint server run by a national organization could effectively, effectively work the matters listed in the right box. It will complement the time-consuming journal publication process leading to the early application of research results.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: It would enable the continuous operation of a preprint server because a stable financial basis. It could function as a forum for rapid discussion of urgent issues as country- and region-specific research. It will also contribute to open access. Finally, I will touch on future perspectives.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: I borrowed this slide from the presentation by Dr. Akaike of the cabinet office last December. In Japan, The cabinet office is in charge of open science policy. The JST platforms of J-STAGE data, and Jxiv are infrastructure for research papers and accompanying research data. On the right is research data cloud by the National Institute of Informatics.
RITSUKO NAKAJIMA: This infrastructures are being developed at how researchers and research institutions, which have different circumstances, can make use of them as an issue for the future. Thank you for your attention.
YASUSHI OGASAKA: Now we will move on to the discussion part. All the audiences are invited to participate in discussion with speakers. Please advance to the discussion session.
YASUSHI OGASAKA: Thank you.
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