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The promise of nanomedicine research with Sourav Bhattacharjee
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The promise of nanomedicine research with Sourav Bhattacharjee
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Upload Date:
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Transcript:
Language: EN.
Segment:1 Please could you introduce yourself and your current role?.
[MUSIC PLAYING]
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: I'm Dr. Sourav Bhattacharjee, and I'm an assistant professor in the University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine. I'm a physician. By graduation, I finished my MPBS degree in Medical College and Hospital in Kolkata, India. And after that, I came abroad. I did my master's in biomolecular science with major in cell biology in Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in Netherlands.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: I finished it in 2008, and I was immediately got into a PhD in the Wageningen University also in Netherlands, which I finished in 2012. Then I came over to University College Dublin as a postdoctoral researcher. And from already 2016, I'm working here as an assistant professor. And my primary job is to teach anatomy. And I teach anatomy to veterinary students, and medical students, and human medicine as well.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And I continue to do research on nanomedicine with focus on drug delivery and biophotonics. So I can say that my research is pretty interdisciplinary, where I'm trying to merge different fields into biomedical applications.
Segment:2 How would you explain the field of nanomedicine in simple terms?.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] Well, to understand nanomedicine, first, we need to understand what is nanoscale.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And one nanometer is actually one billionth of a meter. And for many of us, it's probably very difficult to even understand how small it is. But one thing is important or probably help us to understand is that it's literally at the scale of atomic molecules. And dealing with nanoscale materials basically means that we are trying to maneuver materials at an atomic level actually. So what happens is when you go through that size scale and you really go to that bottom to nanoscale, materials start behaving differently.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And there are a lot of explanations for that. But before I even touch that aside, I would like to say that because of such incredibly small sizes, such tiny sizes, these materials or particles are able to access those parts of human body, which are otherwise inaccessible for larger particles, microparticles, for example. So these particles-- and we have typically defined nanoparticles or nanomaterials, which has at least one dimension less than 100 nanometer.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And such small size enables these materials, including particles, tp access certain remote areas of human body. At the same time, because of this incredibly small size also in part certain unprecedented materialistic characteristics to them, which we don't see for bulk materials. For example, conductivity, paramagnetism, fluorescence, to name some of these incredible properties or characteristics which nanomaterials bear.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And what happens in nanomedicine is we try to harness, we try to utilize this unprecedented materialistic properties of nanomaterials, which we otherwise don't find in bulk materials, and we try to harness it, and we try to utilize it for the benefit of medicine. Because these are emerging materials, and they can do things which was not possible with conventional materials, even a couple of decades back.
Segment:3 What are the five most crucial advances in nanomedicine research so far?.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] To begin with, there are many realizations that we have made over the last couple of decades where nanomedicine research has intensified throughout the globe. It's not easy to just distill out five realizations, but I'll try my best. The first one that immediately comes to my mind is that for a lot of these nanomaterials, because we are trying biological and biomedical applications with them, unfortunately, a lot of things that work in the labs don't work in animal bodies, and then translatable into human bodies.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So there is a serious in vitro, in vivo correlation deficiency. And this is one of the challenges, actually. And I think we can discuss it even in the later parts of this interview. I would really take it out, or select it, or isolate it as my first realization that many things work in the lab, but it does not necessarily mean it will immediately work in animal bodies or human bodies. That is the first realization.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: But this realization already takes me to my second realization. That means if a lot of things are working in labs, and their efficacies is decreasing when we are taking it to humans or lab animals, like rodents for example, then there must be something inadequate in the preclinical models that we are employing.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And that is a challenge. So the first realization already channels me to the second realization. That is our in vitro systems or preclinical models at this stage are inadequate, and they need refinement. The third realization, which I see often, is that a lot of nanomaterials are getting tested, but we still don't know their physicochemical characteristics.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: Because nanomaterials, I mean, they're incredible because of their small size. They're very reactive. Because these tremendously small size makes it a confinement effect, and that makes them incredibly reactive. That is why they are being used for catalysis for example. But for a lot of these nanomaterials, including nanoparticles that are being used for nanomedicine or on drug delivery purposes, the physical chemical characterization, which is of paramount importance, is rather inadequate.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So we really need to ramp up our approach towards physical chemical characterization of nanomaterials which we lack to certain degree so far. So that is my third realization. Fourth realization I would say that we really need to understand the surface chemistry of both the nanomaterials and the biological interface we are putting it into. Because all these interactions, what is happening, it's rather a sophists phenomenon.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And unless we understand these surfaces, and when I mean surfaces, it's the biointerface of these nanomaterials, we won't be able to understand, or we won't be able to translate its full potential. So we have to be careful about what we are looking for here. And last realization is I would say a bit controversial organization. But I have to be honest about this. I think we are not very critical about our data, and we are rushing for too much of data.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: But at the same time, we are missing certain interesting and intriguing things which are hidden or ingrained within that data. And that sometimes makes us lack to the point which we should have reached probably nanomedicine research. So I can sum up my fifth realization by saying that as researchers, we need to be more critical and more outspoken about the shortfalls that we currently have rather than keep on adding to this cycle of producing more data, which might be good in quantity but might lack quality.
Segment:4 What are the major challenges in the translation of nanomedicine that need to be addressed?.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] Actually, quite a few challenges. Again, I mean, it's difficult to summarize like that. But there are quite a few that comes immediately to my mind. And I would start a few with them. And one of them is, of course, a lot of things are working in the lab, but they're not working in-- when you put them in real human body or animal body.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And there were quite few challenges associated with it. One of the major challenges, of course, upscaling. I mean, we can make some nanomaterials which are inherently difficult to synthesize by the way, and then you are putting it into small animals, like rodents, for example. But rodents are much smaller than human beings. And for a full grown human being, you're talking of a few hundreds of thousands of times of upscaling that amount, which is from my experience, I know very difficult, if not, impossible.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And that is even more difficult within an academic setup. Because I mean, producing that much of nanomaterial, it can even be considered to be a biohazard, because nanomaterials, because of their toxic reactivity are very toxic species. So there are certain challenges. I think the input from industry is really important here, because the collaboration between the academia and industry can make that happen in certain cases.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And I see that happening more and more, which is a very welcome development. There are more challenges. For, example nanomaterials, when you prepare and if you keep it as a liquid dispersion or suspension, even that keeps on changing over time. Because in simple terms, what you prepare today is not the same after one week. It keeps on changing and rearranging governed by thermoenergetic laws.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So it will become difficult to use these nanomaterials where you need precise control over the process. And this maturation process has been reported before already. For example, one of the maturation process is very common. And we see that happening very quite often with liquid discussions of nanomaterials. That's called ostwald ripening. I mean, there are many more different types of maturation process that continues or that happens.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So what it does is it makes it incredibly difficult to exert control, not only over the synthesis, but to preserve the physical chemical characteristics that we have synthesized. And we want the nano formulations to contain when we apply it to the patients. Because it's continuously changing unless you do certain other things. But that makes the formulation a bit more complicated.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So we are always under a sort of a dilemma of keeping the formulation simple or how simple we want it to be, but at the same time, preserving the pharmaceutical properties that we actually deserve. So it's always about striking the right balance. And there is no thumb rule how to do that. So that is one of the challenges in synthesis. And last but not the least, I think another challenge that I find is that too many nano formulations are currently being rushed through clinical trials without even knowing properly what is being tested.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: I think it's an inadequacy that is hurting the translation really badly. We have to be critical. Because we really don't need more formulations. We have already quite few. We know what are the challenges. And rather than producing more formulations with repetitive mistakes, what actually we need is to solve those problems.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So rather than rushing formulations to clinical trials, we should actually focus on the challenges which we already know, by the way. So these are the issues that I think I have found in my working life to be the most of the greatest challenges.
Segment:5 Where do you see nanomedicine research a decade from now?.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] Of course as a nanomedicine enthusiast, I would like nanomedicine to be translated, because that's where my ambition lies.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And what I would like to see is that nanomedicine, with all this hype and excitement, which is fair at the same time, but it actually is delivering more products. And as a physician, I'm always interested in products that I can administer to patients. So rather than from bench top, I actually want to see formulations entering bedside. So this benchtop, to be exact, translation is what I would like to see in a decade to happen.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And if you look into the history of translation of nanomedicine, unfortunately, the success rate is quite disappointing. I mean, the amount of money, and the amount of hard work, and intensified research that has been put together throughout the globe, and how many actually approved mental formulations we have, I think we might have something around 50 formulations, which have been approved globally. And if you look into how many of them are actually commercially successful products, the number is pretty few.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: I think doxil is one of them. Abraxane is doing good. But we need more of these breakthroughs to keep this enthusiasm going on. So that is one. So I would like to see more formulations emerging. And not just experimental formulations, actual real products. I know that takes time, that evolution takes time.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: But that's where the ambition lies. Second thing is I want more diseases to be covered. Right now, like we have discussed, I mean, a lot of the nanomedicine research is happening with cancer. But there are more things, more diseases that are more pathophysiological conditions that mean better drug delivery or better theranostic protocols. And nanomaterials are great, and they can solve or they can at least address partially or, if not, full too many of those challenges.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So I want more diseases to be covered, I want improve platforms, I want a lot of the issues that we face now to be resolved. And that is where my ambition in a decade for nanomedicine lies. I hope that will be fulfilled someday.
Segment:6 How would you summarize your achievements so far?.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] I don't consider myself to be a successful person, but I have my own ups and downs.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: One thing that satisfies me is that being a physician, I'm bringing my knowledge about human body and medicine, and I'm merging it. I'm finding the common platform with nanotechnology. I teach anatomy, so that's incredibly helpful to find all these biomedical applications. I have a very supportive group of students who keep on inspiring me.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: I think that is having such an incredible pool of students-- and not only students, I have unbelievable colleagues in my school where I work. And I have been very fortunate on that. I think not everyone has been that fortunate like me. So my research, I see it reaches people. I understand that by receiving emails from students or early stage researchers from all over the world.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: They communicate to me. I have recently written a book, Principles of Nanomedicine. Now, that is getting read, and that is one of the highest selling books at least by Amazon. And I receive emails, communications from students and aspiring researchers. I have students from a lot of parts of the world. Some of them are very well, placed working as faculty, and it's incredibly satisfying to see that.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And it does fill me with pride that I could contribute in whatever way I can in their evolution and maturation as researchers. So I think a researcher, a teacher, and anatomist was always looking for new frontiers with a very supportive bunch of students and colleagues. That is what I have achieved so far, and I'm proud of that.
Segment:7 What is your advice to the future generation of researchers? .
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] The first and foremost that I have learned in my life from my incredible supervisors who have always given me the right advice is never give up.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: Never, never, never give up. Because you have to believe in yourself. And keep chasing your dreams. I mean, most of the people stop chasing dreams. And the day you stop chasing your dreams, you stop the grow. And the essence of a researcher is to grow every day. You got to grow. And the only way to do that is to keep trying. And there will be success.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: There will be failures. Like any field, probably, academia is also not completely unbiased. You will face criticism, you will face skepticism. Sometimes, you will not be happy with the decisions you will be granted with. But everything teaches you a lesson. And there is every day that you can keep learning.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: Because no two days are the same, especially when working with the fast evolving field like nanomedicine. Keep trying. Never give up. Another very important thing that I have learned is that it is extremely important. Rather, utmost important that you respect for your seniors, to your ancestors, to your other scientists, colleagues.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: Mutual respect is very, very important. It is important that you stay focused. And I have seen a lot of talented young people. They are incredibly hardworking, they have that capability, intellectual capability. But the potential that they have is not converted into actual performance. And one of the reasons that I have seen is they end up in having many unfinished projects rather than having one finished product.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So that is very, very important that you stay focused, and you finish what you have started, you have a plan, and finally, you have the passion. Because what I have found is it is very difficult, if not, impossible to keep doing things day in day out unless you love it. I mean, I wake up every morning with the same hunger.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And fortunately, I have that. And I see, my professors have that. They are so hungry, and they're always looking for new things. And that's the way. There is no other easy way out of it. Keep fighting, keep trying. It might be difficult at the beginning. But finally, at the end, I promise you, you will reach your goal.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING]
Segment:1 Please could you introduce yourself and your current role?.
[MUSIC PLAYING]
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: I'm Dr. Sourav Bhattacharjee, and I'm an assistant professor in the University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine. I'm a physician. By graduation, I finished my MPBS degree in Medical College and Hospital in Kolkata, India. And after that, I came abroad. I did my master's in biomolecular science with major in cell biology in Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in Netherlands.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: I finished it in 2008, and I was immediately got into a PhD in the Wageningen University also in Netherlands, which I finished in 2012. Then I came over to University College Dublin as a postdoctoral researcher. And from already 2016, I'm working here as an assistant professor. And my primary job is to teach anatomy. And I teach anatomy to veterinary students, and medical students, and human medicine as well.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And I continue to do research on nanomedicine with focus on drug delivery and biophotonics. So I can say that my research is pretty interdisciplinary, where I'm trying to merge different fields into biomedical applications.
Segment:2 How would you explain the field of nanomedicine in simple terms?.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] Well, to understand nanomedicine, first, we need to understand what is nanoscale.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And one nanometer is actually one billionth of a meter. And for many of us, it's probably very difficult to even understand how small it is. But one thing is important or probably help us to understand is that it's literally at the scale of atomic molecules. And dealing with nanoscale materials basically means that we are trying to maneuver materials at an atomic level actually. So what happens is when you go through that size scale and you really go to that bottom to nanoscale, materials start behaving differently.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And there are a lot of explanations for that. But before I even touch that aside, I would like to say that because of such incredibly small sizes, such tiny sizes, these materials or particles are able to access those parts of human body, which are otherwise inaccessible for larger particles, microparticles, for example. So these particles-- and we have typically defined nanoparticles or nanomaterials, which has at least one dimension less than 100 nanometer.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And such small size enables these materials, including particles, tp access certain remote areas of human body. At the same time, because of this incredibly small size also in part certain unprecedented materialistic characteristics to them, which we don't see for bulk materials. For example, conductivity, paramagnetism, fluorescence, to name some of these incredible properties or characteristics which nanomaterials bear.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And what happens in nanomedicine is we try to harness, we try to utilize this unprecedented materialistic properties of nanomaterials, which we otherwise don't find in bulk materials, and we try to harness it, and we try to utilize it for the benefit of medicine. Because these are emerging materials, and they can do things which was not possible with conventional materials, even a couple of decades back.
Segment:3 What are the five most crucial advances in nanomedicine research so far?.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] To begin with, there are many realizations that we have made over the last couple of decades where nanomedicine research has intensified throughout the globe. It's not easy to just distill out five realizations, but I'll try my best. The first one that immediately comes to my mind is that for a lot of these nanomaterials, because we are trying biological and biomedical applications with them, unfortunately, a lot of things that work in the labs don't work in animal bodies, and then translatable into human bodies.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So there is a serious in vitro, in vivo correlation deficiency. And this is one of the challenges, actually. And I think we can discuss it even in the later parts of this interview. I would really take it out, or select it, or isolate it as my first realization that many things work in the lab, but it does not necessarily mean it will immediately work in animal bodies or human bodies. That is the first realization.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: But this realization already takes me to my second realization. That means if a lot of things are working in labs, and their efficacies is decreasing when we are taking it to humans or lab animals, like rodents for example, then there must be something inadequate in the preclinical models that we are employing.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And that is a challenge. So the first realization already channels me to the second realization. That is our in vitro systems or preclinical models at this stage are inadequate, and they need refinement. The third realization, which I see often, is that a lot of nanomaterials are getting tested, but we still don't know their physicochemical characteristics.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: Because nanomaterials, I mean, they're incredible because of their small size. They're very reactive. Because these tremendously small size makes it a confinement effect, and that makes them incredibly reactive. That is why they are being used for catalysis for example. But for a lot of these nanomaterials, including nanoparticles that are being used for nanomedicine or on drug delivery purposes, the physical chemical characterization, which is of paramount importance, is rather inadequate.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So we really need to ramp up our approach towards physical chemical characterization of nanomaterials which we lack to certain degree so far. So that is my third realization. Fourth realization I would say that we really need to understand the surface chemistry of both the nanomaterials and the biological interface we are putting it into. Because all these interactions, what is happening, it's rather a sophists phenomenon.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And unless we understand these surfaces, and when I mean surfaces, it's the biointerface of these nanomaterials, we won't be able to understand, or we won't be able to translate its full potential. So we have to be careful about what we are looking for here. And last realization is I would say a bit controversial organization. But I have to be honest about this. I think we are not very critical about our data, and we are rushing for too much of data.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: But at the same time, we are missing certain interesting and intriguing things which are hidden or ingrained within that data. And that sometimes makes us lack to the point which we should have reached probably nanomedicine research. So I can sum up my fifth realization by saying that as researchers, we need to be more critical and more outspoken about the shortfalls that we currently have rather than keep on adding to this cycle of producing more data, which might be good in quantity but might lack quality.
Segment:4 What are the major challenges in the translation of nanomedicine that need to be addressed?.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] Actually, quite a few challenges. Again, I mean, it's difficult to summarize like that. But there are quite a few that comes immediately to my mind. And I would start a few with them. And one of them is, of course, a lot of things are working in the lab, but they're not working in-- when you put them in real human body or animal body.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And there were quite few challenges associated with it. One of the major challenges, of course, upscaling. I mean, we can make some nanomaterials which are inherently difficult to synthesize by the way, and then you are putting it into small animals, like rodents, for example. But rodents are much smaller than human beings. And for a full grown human being, you're talking of a few hundreds of thousands of times of upscaling that amount, which is from my experience, I know very difficult, if not, impossible.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And that is even more difficult within an academic setup. Because I mean, producing that much of nanomaterial, it can even be considered to be a biohazard, because nanomaterials, because of their toxic reactivity are very toxic species. So there are certain challenges. I think the input from industry is really important here, because the collaboration between the academia and industry can make that happen in certain cases.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And I see that happening more and more, which is a very welcome development. There are more challenges. For, example nanomaterials, when you prepare and if you keep it as a liquid dispersion or suspension, even that keeps on changing over time. Because in simple terms, what you prepare today is not the same after one week. It keeps on changing and rearranging governed by thermoenergetic laws.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So it will become difficult to use these nanomaterials where you need precise control over the process. And this maturation process has been reported before already. For example, one of the maturation process is very common. And we see that happening very quite often with liquid discussions of nanomaterials. That's called ostwald ripening. I mean, there are many more different types of maturation process that continues or that happens.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So what it does is it makes it incredibly difficult to exert control, not only over the synthesis, but to preserve the physical chemical characteristics that we have synthesized. And we want the nano formulations to contain when we apply it to the patients. Because it's continuously changing unless you do certain other things. But that makes the formulation a bit more complicated.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So we are always under a sort of a dilemma of keeping the formulation simple or how simple we want it to be, but at the same time, preserving the pharmaceutical properties that we actually deserve. So it's always about striking the right balance. And there is no thumb rule how to do that. So that is one of the challenges in synthesis. And last but not the least, I think another challenge that I find is that too many nano formulations are currently being rushed through clinical trials without even knowing properly what is being tested.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: I think it's an inadequacy that is hurting the translation really badly. We have to be critical. Because we really don't need more formulations. We have already quite few. We know what are the challenges. And rather than producing more formulations with repetitive mistakes, what actually we need is to solve those problems.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So rather than rushing formulations to clinical trials, we should actually focus on the challenges which we already know, by the way. So these are the issues that I think I have found in my working life to be the most of the greatest challenges.
Segment:5 Where do you see nanomedicine research a decade from now?.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] Of course as a nanomedicine enthusiast, I would like nanomedicine to be translated, because that's where my ambition lies.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And what I would like to see is that nanomedicine, with all this hype and excitement, which is fair at the same time, but it actually is delivering more products. And as a physician, I'm always interested in products that I can administer to patients. So rather than from bench top, I actually want to see formulations entering bedside. So this benchtop, to be exact, translation is what I would like to see in a decade to happen.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And if you look into the history of translation of nanomedicine, unfortunately, the success rate is quite disappointing. I mean, the amount of money, and the amount of hard work, and intensified research that has been put together throughout the globe, and how many actually approved mental formulations we have, I think we might have something around 50 formulations, which have been approved globally. And if you look into how many of them are actually commercially successful products, the number is pretty few.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: I think doxil is one of them. Abraxane is doing good. But we need more of these breakthroughs to keep this enthusiasm going on. So that is one. So I would like to see more formulations emerging. And not just experimental formulations, actual real products. I know that takes time, that evolution takes time.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: But that's where the ambition lies. Second thing is I want more diseases to be covered. Right now, like we have discussed, I mean, a lot of the nanomedicine research is happening with cancer. But there are more things, more diseases that are more pathophysiological conditions that mean better drug delivery or better theranostic protocols. And nanomaterials are great, and they can solve or they can at least address partially or, if not, full too many of those challenges.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So I want more diseases to be covered, I want improve platforms, I want a lot of the issues that we face now to be resolved. And that is where my ambition in a decade for nanomedicine lies. I hope that will be fulfilled someday.
Segment:6 How would you summarize your achievements so far?.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] I don't consider myself to be a successful person, but I have my own ups and downs.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: One thing that satisfies me is that being a physician, I'm bringing my knowledge about human body and medicine, and I'm merging it. I'm finding the common platform with nanotechnology. I teach anatomy, so that's incredibly helpful to find all these biomedical applications. I have a very supportive group of students who keep on inspiring me.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: I think that is having such an incredible pool of students-- and not only students, I have unbelievable colleagues in my school where I work. And I have been very fortunate on that. I think not everyone has been that fortunate like me. So my research, I see it reaches people. I understand that by receiving emails from students or early stage researchers from all over the world.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: They communicate to me. I have recently written a book, Principles of Nanomedicine. Now, that is getting read, and that is one of the highest selling books at least by Amazon. And I receive emails, communications from students and aspiring researchers. I have students from a lot of parts of the world. Some of them are very well, placed working as faculty, and it's incredibly satisfying to see that.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And it does fill me with pride that I could contribute in whatever way I can in their evolution and maturation as researchers. So I think a researcher, a teacher, and anatomist was always looking for new frontiers with a very supportive bunch of students and colleagues. That is what I have achieved so far, and I'm proud of that.
Segment:7 What is your advice to the future generation of researchers? .
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING] The first and foremost that I have learned in my life from my incredible supervisors who have always given me the right advice is never give up.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: Never, never, never give up. Because you have to believe in yourself. And keep chasing your dreams. I mean, most of the people stop chasing dreams. And the day you stop chasing your dreams, you stop the grow. And the essence of a researcher is to grow every day. You got to grow. And the only way to do that is to keep trying. And there will be success.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: There will be failures. Like any field, probably, academia is also not completely unbiased. You will face criticism, you will face skepticism. Sometimes, you will not be happy with the decisions you will be granted with. But everything teaches you a lesson. And there is every day that you can keep learning.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: Because no two days are the same, especially when working with the fast evolving field like nanomedicine. Keep trying. Never give up. Another very important thing that I have learned is that it is extremely important. Rather, utmost important that you respect for your seniors, to your ancestors, to your other scientists, colleagues.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: Mutual respect is very, very important. It is important that you stay focused. And I have seen a lot of talented young people. They are incredibly hardworking, they have that capability, intellectual capability. But the potential that they have is not converted into actual performance. And one of the reasons that I have seen is they end up in having many unfinished projects rather than having one finished product.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: So that is very, very important that you stay focused, and you finish what you have started, you have a plan, and finally, you have the passion. Because what I have found is it is very difficult, if not, impossible to keep doing things day in day out unless you love it. I mean, I wake up every morning with the same hunger.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: And fortunately, I have that. And I see, my professors have that. They are so hungry, and they're always looking for new things. And that's the way. There is no other easy way out of it. Keep fighting, keep trying. It might be difficult at the beginning. But finally, at the end, I promise you, you will reach your goal.
SOURAV BHATTACHARJEE: [MUSIC PLAYING]
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